Actuarial valuation is a financial analysis conducted by actuaries to determine the present value of a pension fund or an insurance company’s future obligations. This process involves assessing the current…
Actuarial gain or loss refers to the adjustments made to the estimates of a pension plan’s obligations or the value of its assets, based on changes in actuarial assumptions. These…
Social risk in the capital market refers to the potential negative impact on a company’s financial performance and reputation due to social issues or concerns such as labor practices, human…
Environmental risk in the capital market refers to the potential financial impact of environmental factors, such as climate change, natural disasters, and resource scarcity, on companies and their operations. For…
Reputation risk in the context of capital markets refers to the potential loss of value or damage to a company’s brand or reputation due to negative publicity or events. This…
Cyber risk refers to the potential loss or harm to a firm’s reputation, assets, or customers resulting from a breach in its information systems or data theft. It includes risks…
Operational risk in capital markets refers to the potential for losses resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, systems, human errors, or external events. It encompasses a wide range of…
Event risk refers to the risk that a significant event or news may cause a sudden and unexpected change in the value of an investment. Such events could include natural…
Regulatory risk is the potential impact of changes in laws, regulations, or government policies on investments in the capital market. This risk arises when the regulatory environment changes and such…
Sovereign risk, also known as country risk, is the risk that arises from investing in a particular country due to political or economic factors that could affect the value of…
